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                    <text>THE BLACK FLASH
ISSUE NO. I

OCTOBER 1995

WELCOME TO THE BLACK FLASH!

This newsletter is a joint
effort of the Black Cultural
Center and the Black Student
Organization. It is our hope
to bring you knowledge of
your heritage and to stimulate
your thoughts about various
topics. We also hope to keep
you informed of activities
that might be of special
interest to you. Look for The
Black Flash monthly in your
campus box.
Enjoy!
Tonia Duncan-Rivers
Dir., Minority Affairs
BLACK HISTORY BRIEF

First March on Washington
By WILLIAM PAGE
In I 941 racial policies were
still conducted on the basis of
"separate but equal." This
held true from local shops to
the federal government. One
issue that arose during this
time as a result of racial
inequality was the
discrimination of Blacks in
the federal government and
defense industry. Perceiving

that unless someone acted
upon this issue Blacks would
continue to be shut out of
and denied opportunities that
white Americans clearly had,
A. Philip Randolph came
forward. As a union
organizer he had just the
expertise needed to enact a
plan that he conceived.
Randolph spread news of a
march on Washington within
the Black communities for
50,000 to I 00,000
participants. This march was
a protest against the
discrimination and racial
policies the federal
government and defense
plants practiced.
Fearing that this march
would prompt social unrest
and would ruin the United
States' image of "champion of
democracy," President
Franklin D. Roosevelt was
pushed into negotiations,
which resulted in the birth of
Order 8802. The number of
Blacks involved in unions rose
1.23 million, an increase of
I 00 percent. Defense plants
hired about two million Black
employees and the federal
government hired 200,000
Black workers. These are all

facts that came about by The
First March on Washington.
COMMENTARY

A Tree Without Its Roots
By PARRISH MONK
A Man without knowledge of
self is like a tree without its
roots, neither will sufficiently
live. Marcus Garvy
A tree is an appropriate
analogy for the African
American. Trees, being
analogous to humans, must
also be rooted in a substrate
that is nutritious and
conducive to its growth. As
the soil provides nutrients for
the tree, so does history (not
His-story) provide a basis by
which one can be grounded.
Generally speaking the
history perpetuated in
America's education system is
not conducive to positive
growth of African Americans.
In fact, the history curriculum
is like a herbicide sprayed
equally onto all of the plants
in a particular garden; the
herbicide enhances the plants'
growth while simultaneously
killing the weeds. Wake up!
We are the weeds in this

�5. Girlfriend to Girlfriend:

garden we call America.
BEST-SELLERS

Knowing your history is to
know thyself. This is not
directly relevant toward
securing a good financial
future. Knowing thyself, as it
was written on the walls of
the pyramids is not relevant
to your physical survival. It
(knowledge of yourself and
knowledge of your history)
has nothing to do with
nothing, as most complacent
people believe. Its releva...nce
is strictly personal. It is
important to your mental
health. Its relevance dictates
your mentality as much as
your environment forges your
thought processing.
Knowlege of self won't put
food on the plate but it will
put food in your mind.

AFRICAN PROVERBS

Hardcover Fiction
1. The Wedding by
Dorothy West
(Doubleday, $20)
2. Brothers and Sisters by
Bebe Moore Campbell
(G.P. Putnam's Sons,
$22.95)

3. The Good Negress by
A.J. Verdelle (Algonquin
of Chapel Hill, $19.95)
4. Crossing Over Jordan by
Linda Beatrice Brown
(One World/Ballantine,
$22)

5. In Search of Satisfaction
by J. California Cooper
(Doubleday, $21. 9 5)

Hardcover Nonfiction
1. The Best Kind of Loving
by Gwendolyn Goldsby
Grant (Harper Collins,
$22)
2. Success Runs in Our

There is no medicine to
cure hatred.
The ruin of a nation begins
in the homes of its people.
When you follow the path
of your father, you learn to
walk like him.

An intelligent enemy is
better than a stupid friend.

Race by George Fraser
(William Morrow, $25)
3. Value in th~ Valley: A
Black Woman's Guide
Through Life's
Dilemmas by Iyanla
Vanzant (Simon &amp;
Shuster, $22)
4. Why Should White Guys
Have All the Fun? How
Reginald Lewis Created
a Billion-dollar Business
Empire by Reginald F.
Lewis and Blair S. Walker
(John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., $22. 95)

Everyday Wisdom and
Affirmations From the
Sister Circle by Julia A.
Boyd (Dutton, $15.95)
Paperback Fiction
I . Sisters and Lovers by
Connie Briscoe (Harper
Collins, $5.95)
2. Ugly Ways by Tma
McElroy Ansa (Harvest
Books, $9.95)
3. Coffee Will Make You
Black by AprH Sh1dair
(Avon, $10)
4. Invisible Life by E. Lynn
Harris (Anchor Books,
$9.95)

5. Black Gold by Anita
Bunkley (Dutton, $21)

Paperback Nonfiction
1. Acts of Faith: Daily
Meditations for People
of Color by Iyanla
Vanzant(Fireside/Simon
Shuster, $9)
2. Makes Me Wanna
Holler: A Young Black
Man in America by
Nathan McCall (Random
House, $12)
3. Body and Soul: the
Black Women's Guide to
Physical Health and
Emotional Well-Being
edited by Linda Villarosa
(Harper-Perennial, $20)
4. Panther: A Pictorial
History of the Black
Panthers and the Story
Behind the Film by
Mario Van Peebles, Ula Y

�Taylor and J. Tarika
Lewis (New Market
Press, $ I 6. 9 5)
5. Black Pearls: Daily
Meditations,
Affirmations and
Inspirations for
African-Americans by
Eric Copage
(Quill/William Morrow,
$10)
SOURCE: AFRICAN-AMERICAN
BESTSELLERS, INC.
ESSENCE MAGAZINE, OCTOBER 1995

WHA rs HAPPENING?
10-21 TIUv. Morehead(Away)
12:30 p.m.
10-23 Scavenger Hunt
BCC Board Mtg.
5 p.m., BCC
BCC Choir Rehearsal
9:30 p.m., BCC
10-24 Banner Contest
10-25 Plywood Art Contest
NSBE (RCM Mtg.)
7:30 p.m., BCC
10-26 Skit Night
Last Day to Drop with
a 'W'Grade
10-27 Spirit Contest
Alumni Reception
6-8 p.m.
10-28 Homecoming Parade
TIU v. Murray
2 p.m.
SOS Reception
10-30 thru 11-3 Advisement
for 1996 Spring Sem.
11-1 NSBE Mtg.
7:30 p.m., BCC
11-2 NSBE Regional Cont.
Nashville, TN
11-4 TIU v. TSU (Away)

1:30 p.m.
11-5 Portia Bradby's Violin
Recital, Bryan Fine
Arts Building (Time
posted later)
11-6 thru 11-10 Course
Selection for 1996
Spring Semester

DIRECTOR'S DESK
By TONIA DUNCAN-RIVERS
Congratulations to Jovonda
"Jo-V" Farve for being
selected for the 1995
Homecoming Court. Jo-V was
sponsored by the Black
Student Organization. We are
proud of you, Jo-V!
Congratulations to all other
court members as well.
The BCC has started its
Tutoring Program. If you need
help in a class, please stop by
the Black Cultural Center to
select a tutor to help you.
Names and numbers are
posted on the window in the
BCC.
Also the BCC is cosponsoring workshops with
the Computer Center on
Wordperfect 6.0 and the
Internet on November 6 and 8
respectively. There are still a
few seats available. Contact
me at 3392 if you are
interested.

JET TOP 5 SINGLES
1. You Are Not Alone
Michael Jackson
2. Fantasy
Mariah Carey
3. I Hate U
Prince
4. Gangsta's Paradise
Coolio Featuring LV
5. Heaven
Solo

JET TOP 5 ALBUMS
1. The Show
Various Artists
2. E. 1999 Eternal
Bone Thugs-N-Harmony
3. Faith
Faith Evans
4. Conspiracy
Junior M.A.F.I.A.
5. Off The Hook
Xscape

Tennessee Technological University
A Constituent University of the Tennessee Board of
Regents

TTU 095-QUl-95/An EEO/AA/Title IX/Section 504/ ADA
Employer

�~ltl.KAKY

TUBOX5066

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                    <text>THE BLACK FLASH
NOV./DEC. 1995

ISSUE NO .2

BLACK HISTORY BRIEF

Be Thankful
By WILLIAM PAGE

The plight of a slave has
always been looked upon in
context with his or her
bondage in America. There
has never been any real
attention placed upon
anything that occurred on
their journey to America.
Years ago on the continent
of Africa, natives were free
and living among a very
diverse culture. In fact, West
Africa (where most African
Americans' ancestors
originated) had three major
tongues with 250 lingual
subgroups. It is even said
that 200 years before the
discovery of America, there
were three great empires in
the countries of Ghana, Mali,
and Songhai, all thriving from
grassland below the Sahara
Desert. This all came to a
screeching halt at the end of
the 15th century.
During the late 15th
century there was competition
to annex new territories that
became quite heated between

Spain and Portugal. This
conflict, having later been
solved by Pope Alexander VI
and his Treaty of Tordesillas,
left Spain with control of
South America, except Brazil
and Africa, which was under
Portugal control, This gave
Portugal the right to start
trading with African tribal
chiefs. It started with gold
and ivory, but over a span of
50 years shifted to something
even more precious, human
beings. The need in the New
World for free labor had
grown out of proportion and
tribal chiefs were more than
willing to fulfill that need
with captured warriors and
undesirables from their
village. This was all in
exchange for goods. Soon
however, African traders grew
more dependent on slave
trade and as time went on
and demand grew;-they even
began to hunt their own. To
the natives who were captured
(mostly males and females 1835) this was the beginning of
a cruel and agonizing trip.
Once there were enough
slaves (usually 700 or so),
they would be corralled into a
ship that would be their home
for the next four to eight
weeks. Their living quarters

consisted of "the betweendecks"
of a vessel located below the
main deck and above the
cargo hold. The ceiling
usually extended no higher
than five feet in this area and
across the ship ran planking
which protruded six to nine
feet toward the center. Here
they would sleep on hard
wood with no pillows and no
mattresses.
They were allowed two
meals a day and very little
exercise. Their bathroom
privileges consisted of a
bucket that was often turned
over and was no use to those
who were too cramped or too
weak to move. This ordeal
was so demoralizing that
many tried to commit suicide
or sank into a depression
known as Suicidal Melancho!J.
The lack of consideration of
the lives of the slave by their
captors often caused slaves
themselves to care less
whether they lived or died.
Our history (the trials of
our ancestors) should be as
important to us as our next
meal. To let the memory of
their struggle die is to let the
struggle die. It would be
wrong for us to do that
because if it were not for our

�ancestors we would not be
here today. This is something
to be thankful for. "Always
strive for better but remember
how far you have come."

AFRICAN PROVERBS
Knowledge is better than
riches.
One who recovers from
sickness, forgets about God.
Knowledge is like a garden:
if is not cultivated, it
cannot be harvested.
Wisdom is like mushrooms
that come after you have
finished eating (too late!).

COMMENTARY

Comfortable
By MONK

Generically speaking
mankind in his very nature
often seeks to be comfortable
in any and almost every given
situation he may find himself
in. You might often hear
these same men say such
things as "don't rock the boat"
or "don't bite the hand that
feeds you." These men might
also say things such as
"sometimes I feel I have to
watch what I say around
them, because I don't want to
offend them." This type of
behavior which has become
the "norm" can be deemed as

social politeness or social
conformity This behavior as
most know it, is natural.
Who or what dictates your
norms?
Naturally, we buy clothing or
shoes that make us feel
comfortable. Socially
speaking most people observe
that some clothing may be
inappropriate or appropriate
based on factors such as: the
time of day, the season, the
person or his/her age, or the
place or even what is going on
at that time. Those who
violate this dress code may
produce or induce a
discomfort for them or for
others.
Moreover, we often situate
ourselves in a position in a
space as large as a sports
complex to a space as small as
the same chair in a large room
or a particular side of the bed
to suit our comfortableness.
This behavior often lends
itself to the social phenomenon of Traditional
Spaces. This factor of
comfortablen(:ss may explain
why, here at Tennessee Tech,
there exists particular and
almost traditional spaces
where certain groups of
people tend to congregate.
4

-

We see these spaces in the
grill, in the cafeteria, at the
basketball and football games,
and in the seemingly "racial
spatial" designated areas of
this and other towns . People

are not often physically forced
to separate or segregate, but it
seems that people naturally
congregate and commune
among themselves. Is this a
learned behavior? Is this a
social politeness? Why do we
ridicule those who do not
congregate with us in these
traditional spaces? Why do
some of us still desire to sit
on the proverbial "back of the
bus" in traditional spaces?
Perhaps , because these
personal spaces are
comfortable. Perhaps the
answer lies in the fact that
most people prefer not to be
uncomfortable.
It is uncomfortable to talk
about our personal problems.
It is uncomfortable and
socially impolite to discuss
religion, politics, sex, or other
"tabooish" type subjects.
Topics such as my main
focus, Race Relations; are
difficult and uncomfortable to
discuss. We often shun away
from such discussions. We
ostracize those who speak out
against or for racism. We
often pray silently that "they,"
the troublemakers, would be
"taken care of. We huddle in
our comfortable groups to
scoff at the M.L.K.'s, the
Farrakhans, the Hillarys,
Newts, and the Rush
Limbaughs of the world. But
all the while we maintain our
comfortableness.
11

Have we as a people

�become so comfortable that
we allow complacency to be
the rule and ignorance and
tolerance to be the
exceptions? Have we become
so afraid to speak to each
other that we will allow the
tremors of silence to widen
the gulf between groups of
people? Have we become so
comfortable that we can't
move to become part of the
movement that will start the
revolution toward a better
,vorld for all of man and
mankind?
Communication is the key
factor to combat
complacency Knowledge is
the key that locks the door to
ignorance .... SO WAKE
UP, GET UP, STAND UP,
JUMP IN AND SPEAK
OUT!!! Because if you don't
LEAD or FOLLOW, then you
should GET OUT OF THE
WAY!!!

WHAT'S HAPPENING?
11-23 Thanksgiving
11-24 Holiday.
11-26 ITU v. University
Mississippi (W) 2 p.m.
11-27 ITU v. Cumberland University (M)
7:30 p .m
11-29 NSBE Meeting
7 p .m., BCC
12-1/2 Holiday Classic
(W) Time TBA
12-2 ITU @ Oral
Roberts University (M)

7:30 p.m.
12-3 Alpha Phi Alpha
Founders Day 3 p.m.
Trinity Baptist Church
( held at the BSU if
construction of new
church is not
complete)
12-4 ITU v. Southern IL
(W) 7:30 p.m.
12-6 ITU@ U. of AL
(M) 7 :30 p.m.
12- 7 Reception for Fall
graduates 6 p.m., BCC
12-8 Last Day of Classes
12-9 Study Day
ITU @ NC-Charlotte
(W) 6:30 p.m.
ITU v. Bethel (M)
7:30 p.m.
12-11 Commencement
Rehearsal - Hooper
Eblen Center 4 p.m.
12-11 thru 15 Final Exams
12-13 Last Day for Spring
1996 Schedule
Changes &amp; Early
Course Selection
12-14 Fee Payment
Dead}ine fo_ Early
r
Registration
Last Day for Schedule
Adjustment
12-15 Last Day tG- apply for
Spring Graduation
(Undergraduates)
12-16 Commencement
Hooper Eblen Center
10 a.m.
ITU v. Lambuth
(M) 7 :30 p.m.
12-19/20 ITU@ Las Vegas
Tournament (W)
Time TBA
12-21 ITU @AR State
(M) 7:30 p.m.

12-2 1 thru 1-1 Christmas
Holidays, Offices
Closed, No Classes
12-29/30 ITU@ Boise
State Tournament
Time TBA

FACULTY FOOTNOTE

Love Yourself; Be Persistent

By BARRY JOHNSON
When every road seemed
blocked, when every door
seemed closed, when the
nights seemed the darkest,
our ancestors never doubted
that they had a purpose
greater than the misery they
suffered.
Our ancestors shared two
qualities with people whom
the world call successful persistence and a positive self
image .
Persistence simply means
never giving up, never giving
in, never stopping. By
persistence, the patient
positioning of determined
lives, barred doors eventually
open and stone walls crumble;
the drop of water gently wears
away the granite; the tender
flower emerges through the
concrete and lifts it petals
toward the sun.
Abraham Lincoln captured
the essence of a positive self
image when he said, "If I have
lost every other friend on

�earth, I shall at least have one
friend left, and that friend
shall be down inside me."
Our responses to events are
shaped by who and what we
think we are. Dr. Carter G.
Woodson, the eminent black
historian, said this of the
power of the self image:
"When you determine what a
man shall think, you do not
have to concern yourself
about what he shall do. If
yo" malr,=, him fppl infPrior
you do not have to compel
him to accept an inferior
status, for he will seek it
himself. If you make a man
think he is justly an outcast,
you do not have to order him
to the back door; he will go
without being told; and if
there is no back door, his very
nature will demand one."
\A.

.lJ.

J..'-'-'

.&amp;. l. .LA. At.

A--.&amp;.

A.A. o. .&amp;.-.-...a.

'

There are precious few things
in life over which we have
complete control. We do
have complete control over
how hard we're willing to
try in order to succeed. We
also have complete control
over the thoughts we allow
to take root in our minds.
No one can ever take these
away from you.

DIRECTOR'S DESK
By TONIA DUNCA~NRIVERS
Farewell to Barry Johnson
and his family. Barry has
accepted a position at
Wright State University.
His last day at TIU is
November 30.

I also congratulate our
December graduates!

JET TOP 5 SINGLES
1. Fantasy
Mariah Carey
2. Who Can I Run To
Xscape
3. Brokenhearted
Brandy
4. Sentimental
Deborah Cox
5. Heaven
Solo
JET TOP 5 ALBUMS
1. Daydream
Mariah Carey
2. Father and Son
Gerald Levert &amp; Eddie
Levert Sr.
3 . Off The Hook
Xscape
4. 4,5,6
Kool G Rap
5 . Faith
Faith Evans

Tennessee Technolo gical University
A Constituent University of th e Tennessee Boa rd of
Regents

7~r
ITU 118-QUJ-95/An EEO/ANfitle IX/Section504/ADA
Employer

�</text>
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Download the application:

Summer
Scholars
Program

www.tntech.edu/bcc/summerscholars.html

The following must
accompany your Summer
Scholars application:
• Your most recent high school transcript; and
• A letter of recommendation from either your
high school mathematics teacher, science
teacher or high school administrator.
The entire application packet must be
postmarked no later than May 23, 2008, to be
considered for participation in the Summer
Scholars program.
Contact Information:
Robert Owens, Director, Office of Minority Affairs,
Tennessee Tech University
Box 5145 • Cookeville, TN 38505
931-372-3392 • 931-372-6204
rowens@tntech.edu
www.tntech.edu/bcc/summerscholars.html

Bridging the
gap between
high school
and college
More Than Tech
Box 5145
Cookeville, TN 38505
931-372-3392
931-372-6204
rowens@tntech.edu
www.tntech.edu/bcc/summerscholars.html

TTU: A Constituent University of the Tennessee Board of
Regents/370-000-08/An EEO/AA/Title IX/Section 504/ADA
University

�Tennessee Tech University Summer Scholars Program

June 28 through July 31, 2008
Program Description:

Courses Offered:

Tennessee Tech University Summer Scholars program
is a five-week bridge for high school graduates who:
1. Have been accepted for admission in the Tennessee
Tech 2008 fall semester; and
2. Plan to major in one of the STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering, Math) disciplines.

Math 1710 - 3 credit hours

It is designed to span the gap between high school and
college by integrating students to campus life. The goal
is to equip students with focused academic instruction,
learning strategies and critical thinking skills.
Summer Scholars take two courses for college credit
that provide a head start toward earning a Bachelor of
Science degree. Summer Scholars program funds pay
for room, board, tuition and books. Participants are
responsible for the cost of personal items and school
supplies. Students who complete the program will
receive a $400 stipend.

Provides a review of algebra; relations, functions and
their graphs, including polynomial and rational
functions; conic sections; inequalities, arithmetic and
geometric sequences and series.

University 1020 - 1 credit hour
Engages the student in meaningful academic and nonacademic activities; emphasizes critical thinking in the
formation of academic and social goals, support
groups, self-management and study skills.

Download the Application:
www.tntech.edu/bcc/summerscholars.html

Eligibility/
Requirements:
1. You must be a resident
of one of the educationally
underserved/underrepresented counties that
Tennessee Tech serves:
Bledsoe, Campbell,
Cannon, Clay, Cumberland,
DeKalb, Fentress, Grundy,
Hamilton, Jackson, Macon,
Marion, McMinn, Meigs,
Monroe, Morgan, Overton, Pickett,
Rhea, Scott, Sequatchie, Smith,
Trousdale, Van Buren, Warren or White.
2. Tennessee Tech must have accepted you for
admission in the 2008 fall semester.
3. Your planned major must be in one of the
following disciplines: biology, chemistry,
computer science, engineering, mathematics,
math eduction or science education (secondary),
physics, pre-dentistry, pre-medicine, preoptometry, or pre-pharmacy.
4. You must have received a passing grade
in high school Algebra I, Algebra II and
Geometry.
5. You must have attended a SOAR (Student
Orientation, Advising and Registration) session at
Tennessee Tech before starting the program.
SOAR dates are June 12 through 13, 16 through 17,
and 19 through 20.

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                    <text>10/26/2020

TTU Cultural Center

Go

http://www2.tntech.edu/bcc/

JAN AUG MAR

17

69 captures

1999 2000 2001

22 Jan 2000 - 9 Aug 2018

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â–¾ About this capture

Minority Affairs ~ Leona Lusk Officer Cultural Center
Tennessee Technological University

The Office of Minority Affairs, a division of Student Affairs, is housed in the Leona Lusk Officer Black
Cultural Center. Our mission is to promote cultural awareness by fostering a climate that encourages the
appreciation of differences in people. We provide and encourage opportunities for students of color to learn
about their history, take pride in their heritage, and explore their potential. Please continue browsing our web
site and THANKS FOR VISITING!
Leona Lusk Officer Cultural Center/Office of Minority Affairs ~ Roaden University Center, Rm
258, Box 5145, Cookeville, TNÂ  38505
931-372-3392 or 931-372-6204
Site created and maintained by Tammy Reynolds.
Last updated: 6/19/00
Back to Cultural Center Homepage | TTU HomepageÂ  | Contact us!

https://web.archive.org/web/20000817194246/http://www2.tntech.edu/bcc/

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                    <text>TENNESSEE TECH UNIVERSITY

CENTENNIAL CAMPAIGN

----------~---■
i•Mlij-•:---------------

Diversity Scholarship
Endowment
IN OUR MISSION TO SERVE THE MINORITY COMMUNITY AT TENNESSEE TECH, there are a
variety of giving opportunities available to you. This overview of our current needs and
opportunities provides astarting point to help you find the most convenient and satisfying
way to give. Staff from the Office of Minority Affairs, as well as University Development, are
also available to help you through the process if you have questions.

W

ith the dissolution of the Geier Consent Decree in September of 2006, the state
schools of Tennessee lost the ability to offer scholarship monies to students based solely
on ethnicity. This is particularly detrimental to universities such as Tennessee Tech,

who have historically struggled to enroll, retain and graduate minority students (especially AfricanAmerican students).
Creating the Diversity Scholarship Endowment will have an enormous impact because of its
immediacy in terms of increasing the ethnic diversity of our campus.
The initial dollar goal is to have

$10,000

to simply establish the endowment. The greater goal is

to generate $1,000,000 in endowment funds that will produce approximately $50 ,000 in annual
funding to go towards minority scholarships.

..
..

The scholarships will be given to minority students as selected by the Office of Minority Affairs with
special assistance from the Office of Admissions.

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                    <text>10/26/2020

Dr
Go

http://www2.tntech.edu/bcc/Dr. Kharif.htm
6 captures

21
2001 2002 2003

21 Nov 2002 - 23 Dec 2003

clocktower.jpg
(24984 bytes)

OCT NOV MAR

ðŸ‘¤

â°âŽ
f ðŸ¦

â–¾ About this capture

The Office of Minority Affairs
TTU Home Page[ Home ] [ Up ] [ Minority Affairs Ambassadors ] [ Cotton In My Hands ]
[ Blues Works ] [ B.F. Maize ] [ Shindana Cooper ] [ President's Reception ] [ Africa Sogaye ]
[ Dr. Kharif ] [ New Page 1 ]

Student S

Dr. Kharif will be giving a lecture on what African-Americans need to
know about Islam. He will be citing his information from the
following books: Qur'an, the holy book of the Muslims. I will also
cite from Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, considered the most
reliable collections of Hadith (traditions and sayings of the Prophet
Muhammad). In addition, I will use readily available information
from myriad Muslim authors.

https://web.archive.org/web/20021121162101/http://www2.tntech.edu/bcc/Dr. Kharif.htm

1/1

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